More recently a 5th stage has been added to Tuckman's original four.ĭorming – If a team remains for a long time in the performing phase, there is a danger that it will be operating on automatic pilot. (Tuckman 1965 - page 78 in the 2001 reprint). This stage can be labelled as performing. Structural issues have been resolved, and structure can now become supportive of task performance. Roles become flexible and functional, and group energy is channeled into the task. In the task realm, intimate, personal opinions are expressed.įinally, the group attains the fourth and final stage in which interpersonal structure becomes the tool of task activities. Resistance is overcome in the third stage in which in-group feeling and cohesiveness develop, new standards evolve, and new roles are adopted. These behaviours serve as resistance to group influence and task requirements and may be labelled as storming. The second point in the sequence is characterised by conflict and polarisation around interpersonal issues, with concomitant (being parallel with) emotional responding in the task sphere. It may be said that orientation, testing and dependence constitute the group process of forming.
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Such testing serves to identify the boundaries of both interpersonal and task behaviours.Ĭoincident with testing in the interpersonal realm is the establishment of dependency relationships with leaders, other group members, or pre-existing standards. Groups initially concern themselves with orientation accomplished primarily through testing.